The Central Anatolian province of Konya contained the highest number of mosques, Dogan News Agency reported on Sept. 16. Ankara, the southern province of Antalya, the Black Sea provinces of Ordu and Trabzon, and the southeastern province of Diyarbakır were among the other provinces with over 2,000 mosques.
While the Turkish government has built so many mosques across the country with state funds, it has banned Orthodox Christian liturgy in the Sumela Monastery, a historic site in Trabzon.
Sumela Monastery, located in the district of Macka -- or Matsuka in Greek -- in Trabzon province is one of the oldest monasteries in the Christian world. According to records, it was built by two Athenian monks, St. Barnabas and his nephew St. Sophronios, and was inaugurated by the bishop of Trabzon in 386 A.D.
The province of Trabzon, located in the ancient region of Pontos, the northeast portion of Anatolia adjacent to the Black Sea, also has a long Greek and Christian history. The word "Pontos" means "sea" in Greek.
"Trabzon was settled by Greeks in 756 BC," writes researcher Sam Topalidis for the website Pontos World. "Trabzon was the ancient capital of the Greek speaking Komnenos Byzantine Kingdom (1204–1461). It survived until 1461, eight years after the fall of Byzantine Constantinople when both localities fell to the Ottoman Turks." It remained Greek for 2678 years until 1922.
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added by Despina: Trabzon (as it is called in Turkish) is actually the city of Τραπεζοῦς in Greek,pronounced Trapezus/Trapezous. Τράπεζα meant "table" in Ancient Greek; note the table on the coin in the figure:
ntf
A silver Greek drachma coin of Trapezus from the 4th century BC
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After the city's invasion by the Ottoman Turks, the local demographic began to change; but for centuries, Christians were the majority in the city.
According to Topalidis, Trabzon's Muslim population increased dramatically under the Ottoman rule due to:
- Muslims moving into the city (Most of the Trabzon's Muslims were involuntary immigrants)
- Deportations of Christians out of the city, probably to Istanbul
- Christians converting to Islam, probably for fear of deportation
"However, the most important reason for the conversions was probably due to the higher taxes paid by Christians (compared to Muslims), a strong economic incentive for the poorest Christians," writes Topalidis.
The tax he refers to is the "jizya tax" -- money paid by Christians and Jews in order to be allowed to survive and to keep practicing their religion, according to Islamic law.
Prior to the Pontian (or Pontic) Greek genocide that started in 1914, at least 43% ofTrabzon's population was still Christian: Greeks, Armenians, and a small minority of Catholics.
During the 1914-1923 Pontian Greek Genocide by the Muslim Turks, "out of approximately 700,000 Pontian Greeks who lived in Turkey at the beginning of World War I, as many as 350,000 were killed, and almost all the rest had been uprooted during the subsequent forced population exchange between Greece and Turkey. This was the end of one of the most ancient Greek civilizations in Asia Minor."
Even after 102 years, Turkey still denies the Greek genocide.
The Sumela Monastery in the city was also closed for prayers until 2010 when, for the first time since the founding of the Turkish republic in 1923, Orthodox Christians were allowed by the Turkish government to celebrate mass on August 15.
Bartholomew I, the current archbishop of Constantinople and ecumenical patriarch, led the service, which was held in honor of the Assumption of Mary, a Christian sacred day. Orthodox bishops from Australia, Ukraine, the United States, Greece, and Georgia traveled to Sumela to participate in the mass, according to Turkish newspaper Hurriyet.
But this year, the Turkish authorities suddenly banned Christian liturgy for the Feast of the Assumption in the monastery.
The authorities notified the Ecumenical Patriarchate that the license for the yearly mass at Sumela Monastery has been revoked for this August.
According to the site Greek Reporter:
The ban has caused great disappointment to thousands of Pontian Greeks people worldwide, and people from Greece who had planned to travel to the region these days to celebrate the Feast of the Assumption.
Sources within the Patriarchate of Constantinople, who prefer to remain anonymous, and many Pontian Greeks believe that the construction's "static problems" invoked, is a pretext and they fear that Christian mass will never be allowed in the historic monastery again.
This arbitrary ban seems to be yet another demonstration of the "unofficial" second-class status of Christians in Turkey.
As the scholar Robert Spencer puts it:
That the Greek Orthodox need special permission to celebrate divine services in any of their churches in what is now Turkey is a dark reminder of the Islamic oppression of Eastern Christians from the mid-7th Century to today, and for the Greeks, especially from the Muslim conquest of Constantinople in 1453 through the defeat of the Ottoman Empire by the Western Powers during World War I.
Today, Greek-speaking Orthodox Christians are a tiny, dwindling minority in Turkey -- around 2,500 people -- and the community routinely faces discrimination.
"Christians are certainly seen as second-class citizens," Walter Flick, a religious expert with the International Society for Human Rights in Germany, told the publication DW. "A real citizen is Muslim, and those who aren't Muslim are seen as suspicious. Christians aren't equal. They don't have full rights."
Moreover, the Turkish government does not recognize the title "the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople," which represents 300 million Orthodox Christians worldwide.
"He has not been able to wield this title as he should," said Flick. "And this is a historic title that's been around since the 6th century. He isn't referred to as 'Ecumenical Patriarch' within Turkey. The name is accepted overseas, but in Turkey he can't use that title, which was afforded by the European Convention on Human Rights."
Another indication of Turkey's discrimination against its Greek-speaking Orthodox citizens is the situation of the Halki seminary in Istanbul, or the Theological School of Halki, the main school of theology of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. It wasclosed by the Turkish state in 1971 and it has not been reopened.
The Turkish state has also confiscated much real estate belonging to Greek Orthodox Christians.
"Many properties have been lost over the past few decades, for example office buildings, orphanages and other institutions," added Flick.
The Turkish Constitution, however, asserts that Turkey is "a secular and democratic republic that derives its sovereignty from the people." And Turkish state authorities, for decades, boasted of "being the only truly secular country" in the Muslim world.
Today, many Turkish secularists are crying over what they think is the "defeat of Turkish secularism at the hands of the current Islamic government."
What secular, democratic republic builds thousands of mosques with state funds -- taxpayer money -- while closing the Halki Seminary of the Eastern Orthodox Church and confiscating countless Christian properties?
What secular, democratic republic bans, for decades, liturgy on a day sacred to Orthodox Christians at a historic monastery?
Turkish secularists might choose to continue mourning over "the loss of Turkish secularism" or their loss of political power in Turkey. Unfortunately, they will not make any progress in understanding the fact that one of the root causes of the rise of political Islam is Turkey's decades-long smokescreen of "secularism," as Turkey has always been hostile to non-Muslims.
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